The Coward Bats

In a meadow in Africa, a lion was eating food. Suddenly a hawk flying low and grabbing food lion belongs. "Brash" said the lion. Jungle king was very angry that ordered all the animals to come together and declared war against the birds.

"From now on any kind of bird is our enemy", get rid of them all, do not be spared, "said the Lion. Other animals agreed because they felt had treated the same by the bird nation. When the night starts to fall, the nation's bird returned to the nest.

The opportunity was used by the Lions and his men to attack. The birds fled in disorder. Fortunately, there is still an owl can see clearly at night so that they could all escape from a lion attack and his men.

Seeing the nation lost birds, the bats feel anxious, so she hurried to see the king of the jungle. Bats said, "Actually, I'm including the rat race, even though I had wings. So allow me to join your group, I would risk my life to fight against the birds ". Without thinking lion was approved bats go in the group.

The next night a group led by a lion attacking the birds back and managed to throw him out. The next day, early in the morning, when a group of lions is resting behind a group of birds attacking them with a group of lions pelted with stones and nuts. "Beware of hail," shouted the group of animals with a lion escaped. The bat felt anxious about these things so that he minded to re-join the group of birds. He met the king of birds eagle bird. "Look at my wings, this bird I like you". Eagle bat gladly accept.

The battle continues, the monkeys riding an elephant or rhino holding a bow and arrow. Their heads are covered with a hat from coconut shell that does not work stoned. After winning the lion group, what do bats?. He was back and forth to side with the winning team. Cowardice and not opinionated owned bat gradually known by both groups lion and bird groups.

They realized that there was no point in mutual hostility. And they are friends again and decided to evict bats from their environment. Bat felt so ashamed that he hid in dark caves. He just appeared when night came by way of stealth.

The Fox and the Stork

A selfish fox once invited a stork to dinner at his home in a hollow tree. That evening, the stork flew to the fox’s home and knocked on the door with her long beak. The fox opened the door and said, “Please come in and share my food.”

The stork was invited to sit down at the table. She was very hungry and the food smelled delicious!

The fox served soup in shallow bowls and he licked up all his soup very quickly. However, the stork could not have any of it as the bowl was too shallow for her long beak. The poor stork just smiled politely and stayed hungry.

The selfish fox asked, “Stork, why haven’t you taken your soup? Don’t you like it?”
The stork replied, “It was very kind of you to invite me for dinner.

Tomorrow evening, please join me for dinner at my home.” The next day, when the fox arrived at the stork’s home, he saw that they were also having soup for dinner. This time the soup was served in tall jugs. The stork drank the soup easily but the fox could not reach inside the tall jug. This time it was his turn to go hungry.

The Boy Who Cried 'Wolf'

Once there was a shepherd boy who had to look after a flock of sheep. One day, he felt bored and decided to play a trick on the villagers. He shouted, “Help! Wolf! Wolf!”

The villagers heard his cries and rushed out of the village to help the shepherd boy. When they reached him, they asked, “Where is the wolf?”

The shepherd boy laughed loudly, “Ha, Ha, Ha! I fooled all of you.


I was only playing a trick on you.”

A few days later, the shepherd boy played this trick again.

Again he cried, “Help! Help! Wolf! Wolf!” Again, the villagers rushed up the hill to help him and again they found that boy had tricked them. They were very angry with him for being so naughty.

Then, some time later, a wolf went into the field. The wolf attacked one sheep, and then another and another. The shepherd boy ran towards the village shouting, “Help! Help! Wolf! Help! Somebody!”

The villagers heard his cries but they laughed because they thought it was another trick. The boy ran to the nearest villager and said, “A wolf is attacking the sheep. I lied before, but this time it is true!”

Finally, the villagers went to look. It was true. They could see the wolf running away and many dead sheep lying on the grass.

We may not believe someone who often tells lies, even when he tells the truth.

The Monkey and the Dolphin

The Monkey and the Dolphin

One day long ago, some sailors set out to sea in their sailing ship. One of them brought his pet monkey along for the long journey.

When they were far out at sea, a terrible storm overturned their ship. Everyone fell into the sea, and the monkey was sure that he would drown. Suddenly a dolphin appeared and picked him up.

They soon reached the island and the monkey came down from the dolphin’s back. The dolphin asked the monkey, “Do you know this place?” The monkey replied, “Yes, I do. In fact, the king of the island is my best friend. Do you know that I am actually a prince?”

Knowing that no one lived on the island, the dolphin said, “Well, well, so you are a prince! Now you can be a king!”

The monkey asked, “How can I be a king?” As the dolphin started swimming away, he answered, “That is easy. As you are the only creature on this island, you will naturally be the king!”

Those who lie and boast may end up in trouble.

The Wolf and The Lamb

A lamb was grazing with a flock of sheep one day. She soon found some sweet grass at the edge of the field. Farther and farther she went, away from the others.

She was enjoying herself so much that she did not notice a wolf coming nearer to her. However, when it pounced on her, she was quick to start pleading, “Please, please don’t eat me yet. My stomach is full of grass. If you wait a while, I will taste much better.”

The wolf thought that was a good idea, so he sat down and waited.

After a while, the lamb said, “If you allow me to dance, the grass in my stomach will be digested faster.” Again the wolf agreed. While the lamb was dancing, she had a new idea. She said, “Please take the bell from around my neck. If you ring it as hard as you can, I will be able to dance even faster.”

The wolf took the bell and rang it as hard as he could. The shepherd heard the bell ringing and quickly sent his dogs to find the missing lamb. The barking dogs frightened the wolf away and saved the lamb’s life.

Example of Questions

5W1H Question

Who

Who's that? That's Nancy.

Who benefits?

Who is it about?

Who opened the door?

Who else will do this?

What

What do you do? I am an engineer

What kind of music do you like? I like quiet Sons

What time did you come home?

What, specifically,...?

What next?

Where

Where do you live? In Boston

Where did it happen?

Where do they live?

Where else?

Where are you?

Why

Why do you sleep early? Because I've got to get up Erly

Why does that happen?

Why don’t I help you?

Why not?

Why do you love me?

When

When do you go to work? At 7:00

When did he leave?

When will I know?

When will it start/end?

When, exactly, will you...?

How

How do you go? By cat

How long did you stay in that hotel? For two weeks.

How old are you? I'm 16.

How come I didn't see at the party?

How far is your school? It's one mile far.

Yes - No Question

Do you watch TV very much?

Do you like basketball?

May I smoke in here?

Do you like to eat sweet things?

Do you like your job?

Tag question

with auxiliaries

You've got a car, haven't you?

without auxiliaries (use: don't, doesn't, didn't)

They play football on Sundays, don't they?

She plays football on Sundays, doesn't she?

They played football on Sundays, didn't they?

Special question

Open the window, will you?

Let’s take the next bus, shall we?

Source:

http://ielts-yasi.englishlab.net/YES_NO_QUESTIONS.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htm

Definition Of Information Questions

5W 1H Question :

Who

·         Identify the characters in the reading and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines between the characters and describe to yourself the relationship between the characters.

What

·         Identify the events or actions and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines between the events or actions to show the relationship between  them.

·         Draw connecting lines between the characters and the events as you describe to yourself the relationship between them.

Where

·         Identify all the places in the reading and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines between places, events and characters as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

When

·         Identify all the time factors in the reading and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines between time factors, places, events and characters as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

Why

·         Identify causes for events of actions and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines from the causes to effects on the characters, events, places, or times as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

How

·         Identify the way events took place and make a list of them.

·         Draw connecting lines between the way events took place and other factors as you describe to yourself the relationship among them

Yes No Question :

Definition:       An interrogative construction that expects an answer of "yes" or "no." Contrast with wh- question.

Examples and Observations:

Homer: Are you an angel?

Moe: Yes, Homer. All us angels wear Farrah slacks.

(The Simpsons)

"Directing a movie is a very overrated job, we all know it. You just have to say 'yes' or 'no.' What else do you do? Nothing. 'Maestro, should this be red?' Yes. 'Green?' No. 'More extras?' Yes. 'More lipstick?' No. Yes. No. Yes. No. That's directing." (Judi Dench as Liliane La Fleur in Nine, 2009).

Principal McGee: Are you just going to stand there all day?

Sonny: No ma'am. I mean, yes ma'am. I mean, no ma'am.

Principal McGee: Well, which is it?

Sonny: Um, no ma'am.

(Eve Arden and Michael Tucci in Grease, 1978)

The yes-no question is found in three varieties: the inverted question, the typical exemplar of this kind; the inverted question offering an alternative (which may require more than a simple yes or no for an answer); and the tag question:

Are you going? (inversion)

Are you staying or going? (inversion with alternative)

You're going, aren't you? (tag)

The inverted question merely inverts the subject and the first verb of the verb phrase of the corresponding statement pattern when that verb is either a modal or an auxiliary verb or the verb be and sometimes have. The question itself may be positive or negative:

She is leaving on Wednesday.

Is she leaving on Wednesday?

    . . . A positive question appears to be neutral as to the expected response--yes or no. However, a negative question seems to hold out the distinct possibility of a negative response.

            Are you going? Yes/No.

            Aren't you going? No.

(Ronald Wardhaugh, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)

"There are many different ways to format questions on a survey. Let's say you want to measure people's attitudes toward premarital sex. You could ask a simple yes-no question:

        Are you in favor of premarital sex?

        ___ Yes ___ No

Or you could use a Likert-type scale where the question is phrased as a statement." (Annabel Ness Evans and Bryan J. Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 2nd ed. Sage, 2011) Also Known As: polar interrogative, polar question, bipolar question

Tag Question :

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.

Positive/negative

If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative ….

·         He’s a doctor, isn’t he?

·         You work in a bank, don’t you?

... and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

·         You haven’t met him, have you?

·         She isn’t coming, is she?

With auxiliary verbs

The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.

·         They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?

·         They weren’t here, were they?

·         He had met him before, hadn’t he?

·         This isn’t working, is it?

Without auxiliary verbs

If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.

·         I said that, didn’t I?

·         You don’t recognise me, do you?

·         She eats meat, doesn’t she?

With modal verbs

If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal verb.

·         They couldn’t hear me, could they?

·         You won’t tell anyone, will you?

With ‘I am’

Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’

·         I’m the fastest, aren’t I?

Intonation

Question tags can either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the answer or simply asking for agreement when we already know the answer.

If the question tag is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.

If we already know the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.

Source :

http://designjournalsos.blogspot.com/2012/01/amusement-theme-starter-ultimate-how-to.html

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag.htm

Subject, Verb , Complement, Modifier

·           SUBJECT

D    efinition: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase that precedes and governs the main verb. The subject is the part of the sentence that performs an action or which is associated with the action.

For example:

* He is a really nice guy.
* "He" is the subject of the sentence, controlling the verb and the complement.
* My dog attacked the burglar.
* "My dog" is the subject, controlling the verb and the rest of the sentence.
* David plays the piano
* The subject "David" performs the action of "playing the piano".
* The police interviewed all the witnesses.
* The subject the police performs the action of interviewing all the witnesses.

·           VERBS
Definition: Verbs are a class of words used to show the performance of an action (do, throw, run), existence (be), possession (have), or state (know, love) of a subject. To put it simply a verb shows what something or someone does.

For example:

* Paul rides a bicycle.
* Here, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle.
* We buy some books to learn English verbs.
* In this example, the action word is "to buy". It tells us that the subject "we", that is the person who performs the action of the verb is "buying some books".

The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Aspect shows whether the action or state is completed or not. Voice is used to show relationships between the action and the people affected by it. Mood shows the attitude of the speaker about the verb, whether it is a declaration or an order. Verbs can be affected by person and number to show agreement with the subject.

·           COMPLEMENT

A complement is the part of a Sentence that comes after the Verb and is needed to make the sentence complete. The following are the most important types of complement used in English:

a.  SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

Eg: He's a surveyor. (The Subject is completed by the complement to the verb. This is a Copula Verb.

b.  OBJECT COMPLEMENT

Eg: She sent him the fax. (The sentence is completed by telling us what she sent to him.)

c.   ADJECTIVAL COMPLEMENT

Eg: They'll be happy. (The sentence is completed by the Adjective; this could be extended further, they'll be happy to see us, etc..)

d.  PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT

Eg: They talked about what needed doing. (The sentence is completed by the Phrase linked to the verb by the Preposition.)

·           MODIFIER

tells the time, place or manner of the action. Very often it's a prepositional phrase. Prepotional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun.
Note : A modifier of time usually comes last if more than one modifier is present.
Example of prepositional phrases :
In the morning, at university, on the table
A modifier can also be an adverb or an adverbial phrase :
Last night, hurriedly, next year, outdoors, yesterday
Example : John bought a book at the bookstore
(modifier place)
Jill was swimming in the pool yesterday
(modifier of place)(modifier of time)
Note :
The modifier normally follows the complement, but not always. However, the modifier, especially when it's a prepositional phrase, usually can't separate the verb and the complement.
Example : She drove the car on the street
(verb) (complement)

Reference : http://mangantar.wordpress.com/

PROUNOUNS

Definition :

A pronoun is used in place of a noun or nouns. Common pronouns include he, her, him, I, it, me, she, them, they, us, and we.Here are some examples:

INSTEAD OF: Fauzi is a good athlete.

he is a good athlete. (The pronoun she replaces Juwi.)

INSTEAD OF: The beans and tomatoes are fresh-picked.

They are fresh-picked. (The pronoun they replaces the beans and tomatoes.)

Often a pronoun takes the place of a particular noun. This noun is known as the antecedent. A pronoun "refers to," or directs your thoughts toward, its antecedent.

Let's call Juwi and ask him to join the team. (Him  is a pronoun; Fauzi is its antecedent.)

To find a pronoun's antecedent, ask yourself what that pronoun refers to. What does him refer to in the sentence above—that is, who is the him? The him in the sentence is Juwi; therefore, Juwi is the antecedent.

·           Subjective Pronouns

A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentence—it performs the action of the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it, she, they, we, and you.

He spends ages looking out the window.

After lunch, she and I went to the planetarium.

·           Objective Pronouns

An objective pronoun acts as the object of a sentence—it receives the action of the verb. The objective pronouns are her, him, it, me, them, us, and you.

Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.

Take a picture of him, not us!

·           Possessive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun tells you who owns something. The possessive pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours, theirs, and yours.

The red basket is mine.

Yours is on the coffee table.

·           Demonstrative Pronouns

A demonstrative pronoun points out a noun. The demonstrative pronouns are that, these, this, and those.

That is a good idea.

These are hilarious cartoons.

A demonstrative pronoun may look like a demonstrative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

·           Interrogative Pronouns

An interrogative pronoun is used in a question. It helps to ask about something. The interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and compound words ending in "ever," such as whatever, whichever, whoever, and whomever.

What on earth is that?

Who ate the last Fig Newton?

An interrogative pronoun may look like an interrogative adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

·           Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite, or general, person or thing. Indefinite pronouns include all, any, both, each, everyone, few, many, neither, none, nothing, several, some, and somebody.

Something smells good.

Many like salsa with their chips.

An indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in a sentence: it acts as a pronoun, taking the place of a noun.

·           Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun introduces a clause, or part of a sentence, that describes a noun. The relative pronouns are that, which, who,and whom.

You should bring the book that you love most.

That introduces "you love most," which describes the book.

Hector is a photographer who does great work.

Who introduces "does great work," which describes Hector.

·           Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of a sentence. The reflexive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can also act as an intensive pronoun (see below).

I learned a lot about myself at summer camp. (Myself refers back to I.)

They should divide the berries among themselves. (Themselves refers back to they.)

·           Intensive Pronouns

An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent (the noun that comes before it). The intensive pronouns are herself, himself, itself, myself, ourselves, themselves, and yourselves. Each of these words can also act as a reflective pronoun (see above).

I myself don't like eggs.

The queen herself visited our class.

Reference : http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0885483.html